Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ HY-dər-ə-bad ISO: Haidarābād, Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daɾaːbaːd] ⓘ, Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana. It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar Lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$ 95 billion, Hyderabad has the sixth-largest urban economy in India.
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The Qutb Shahi dynasty's Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established
Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687,
the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy,
declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the
Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to
1948. As the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the
British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad
was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as the capital of Hyderabad
State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation
Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh.
In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad
became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement
scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati
Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India.
Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible
today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early
modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's
patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A
distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans,
with painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing
prominent even today. For its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of
gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city is the
highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021.
Until the 19th century, Hyderabad was known for the pearl
industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only
trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's
historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location
between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation
throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing,
educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged
as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals biotechnology and information
technology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and
HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading
multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.
Toponymy
The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or
"Lion City", from Haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn
Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle. The
city was originally called Baghnagar ("city of gardens"). The
European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th
century.: 6 A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad
Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city")[15] after
Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to Islam
and adopted the title Hyder Mahal, the city being subsequently named Hyderabad
in her honour.
In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the epithet Farkhunda
Bunyad (lit. 'Of Auspicious Foundation'). Following the Mughal conquest of
Hyderabad, emperor Aurangzeb changed the epithet to Dar-ul-Jihad (lit. 'Abode
of Holy War'), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the
reigns of Aurangzeb and Kam Bakhsh. The later Mughal emperor Shah Alam returned
the city to its older epithet of Farkhunda Bunyad, and consequently, Mughal
coins of Shah Alam and Muhammad Shah feature this title as the city's mint name.
The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles
in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in
the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the
city stands has been inhabited since the Stone Age. In 2008, Archaeologists
excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500
BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by
the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya
empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came
under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at
Warangal—148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad. The Kakatiya ruler
Ganapatideva (1199–1262) built a hilltop outpost—later known as Golconda Fort—to
defend their western region.
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji
dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi
Sultanate. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by
Malik Kafur, Khalji's general. During this period, Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor
diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda to
Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing
Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty; Malik Maqbul Tilangani was
appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas—who
revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct
control and declared it as their capital. In 1347 Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah,
a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the
Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga—200 km (124 mi) west of
Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal
and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace
treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani
Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first
independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.
A decent style of painting of the last Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah
A 17th-century Deccani School miniature of Qutb Shahi ruler
Abul Hasan Qutb Shah with Sufi singers in the Mehfil-("gathering to
entertain or praise someone").
In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of
Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud fort of Golconda and
named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the
Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty. The fifth Qutb Shahi
sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi
River in 1591, to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda. During his
rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September
1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort. The annexed city
"Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War), whereas the main
territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire
as the province Hyderabad Subah. Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by
three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan
(1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24).
Modern history
In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan
as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and
controlled the internal and neighbouring threats. In 1714 Farrukhsiyar
appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal
governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In
1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire. His differences
with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities
in 1723 and leave for Deccan. Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents,
Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah
I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.: 93–94 In 1724, Asaf Jah I
defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan, named the region
Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty.
Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf
Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad.[41][45] The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748
resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung
(1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) and Salabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended
for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign
forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the
instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam—by which the East
India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and
collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf
Jahi Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore),
Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's
elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de
Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India
Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum
(modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid
an annual maintenance to the British.[46]
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad.
With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to
the south and east of Hussain Sagar Lake, and during the early 20th century,
Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of
transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity,
telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams
ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj.
Post-Independence
Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar Lake.
Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built
around the lake.
After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his
intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union or
newly formed Dominion of Pakistan. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the
support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began
agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army
took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo.
With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by
signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely
Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.[45][48]
Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented
the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The
Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made
Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city
continuing to be the capital.[50] In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic
States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian
Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital
of India because of its amenities and strategic central location
On 1 November 1956, the states of India were reorganised by
language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with
neighbouring states to form Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine
Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region
were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,
with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the
Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the
creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972,
and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at
Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007
caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013 On
30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would
be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the
capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the
capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013, the
Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of
Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of
India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Hyderabad
A Large colourful image representing the Hyderabad city's
geographical area
A satellite view of Hyderabad captured by Sentinel-2A, the
yellow and brown colours feature the city core, the light green shows arid
fields and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi River and its adjacent
small water bodies are highlighted with a blue colour.
Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 km (434
mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 km (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It is
situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, along the
banks of the Musi River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan
Plateau in the northern part of South India. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2
(250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an
average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping
terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being
Banjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft). The city has numerous lakes sometimes
referred to as sagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial
lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near
the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat SagarAs of 1996, the city had 140
lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).
Climate
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw)
bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The annual mean temperature
is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).
Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s
Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and
June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest
temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F). May is the hottest month when
daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has
temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).
Heavy rain from the southwest summer monsoon falls between
June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.
Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in 24 hours was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature
ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C
(43 °F) on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year;
maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February.
Hyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air
City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to
'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'
Conservation
Three antelopes
Blackbucks grazing at Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National
Park
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying
hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the
tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996. The
forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological
importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos
and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's largest zoo, is the
first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three
national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National
Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife
Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city.
The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are Kotla
Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Ameenpur Lake, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain
Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to
regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of
the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation
include the Telangana Forest Department, the Indian Council of Forestry Research
and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad
and the University of Hyderabad.
Administration
Main article: Administration of Hyderabad
Common capital status
The white building with multiple domes
Telangana Legislature
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014
part 2 Section 5 "(1) On and from
the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be
the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh
for such period not exceeding ten years After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection
(1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall
be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital
includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal
Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, of 1955. As stipulated
in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the
Telangana state assembly.
Local government
See also: Administrative divisions of Hyderabad
The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees
the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of
GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally),
North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central
Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which
together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a
corporator, elected by popular vote, as of 2020 the city has 7,400,000 voters
of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female. The corporators elect the
Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the
Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out
the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and
drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of
municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and
death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax,
and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and
pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by
merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of
the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2
(250 sq mi).: 3 The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration
agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),: 93 where there are
several military camps.92] The Osmania University campus is administered
independently by the university authority.: 93 Appointed in February 2021,
Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor
of GHMC
In Hyderabad, police jurisdiction is divided into three
commissioners: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, the oldest police
commissioner in India ), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a
commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The
Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home
Ministry
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are,
in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, the Hyderabad district, the
GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad
Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban
planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals
in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development
activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration
of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board
(HMWSSB
Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana,
Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat
Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local
government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal
Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court 1 The GHMC area contains 24
State Legislative Assembly constituencies ] which form five constituencies of
the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).
Utility services
Woman sweeping the road
A GHMC sweeper cleaning the Tank Bund Road
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage
Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In
2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline
from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand The Telangana Southern Power Distribution
Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[105] As of 2014, there
were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and
Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post
offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by
private courier services.
Pollution control
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily,
which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower
Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid
Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[108] Rapid
urbanisation and increased economic activity have led to increased industrial waste,
air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution
Control Board (TPCB The contribution of
different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% of vehicles, 40–70%
from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial
discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting
from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly
building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly
low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5's. Groundwater around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three
times higher than is desirable is the
main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent
increase in demand has led to a decline in not only groundwater but also river
and lake levels This shortage is further
exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial
treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[119]
Healthcare
See also: Healthcare in Hyderabad
People in a garden
The NTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity of
Hussain Sagar Lake serving as a recreation park.
The Commissioner of Health and Family Welfare is
responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities
related to health and preventive services. As of 2010–11, the city had 50
government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes
providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For
every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist
doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city has about 4,000 individual
clinics. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the
distance, poor quality of care and long waiting times in government
facilities,: 60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being
covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family
Health Survey in 2005. 41 As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes
were opened or being built. Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities
that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported
that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,: 47 which is below the
replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic
vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all
other surveyed cities except Meerut. 98 The infant mortality rate was 35 per
1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per
1,000 live births. 97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a
quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are
anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,: 44, 55–56 while more than
2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.: 57
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Hyderabad
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1951 1,085,722 —
1961 1,118,553 +3.0%
1971 1,796,000 +60.6%
1981 2,546,000 +41.8%
1991 3,059,262 +20.2%
2001 3,637,483 +18.9%
2011 6,809,970 +87.2%
When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the
municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi ]
Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of the 2001 census
to 6,809,970 as of 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in
India,[91]: 2 making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city.[1][3]
As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)[131] and the
Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth
most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[3] as of the 2011 census, there
are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per
1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000 Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are
boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83%
(male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The
socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working
class.
Ethnicity
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of
Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu-speaking people, with minority
Arab, Marathi, Marwari, and Pathan communities.[136]
Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of
their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various
dynasties who previously ruled.[137][138] Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs,
Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people were present
before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest,
declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost
the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.
Religion
Religion in Greater Hyderabad Hinduism
64.93%
Islam
30.13%
Christianity
2.75%
Other or not stated
2.19%
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large
minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the
Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi
communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples. According to the 2011
census, the religious makeup of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims
(30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%);
1.5% did not state any religion
Languages
Languages of Hyderabad (2011)[144]
Telugu (58.23%)
Urdu (29.47%)
Hindi (4.89%)
Marathi (1.54%)
Tamil (1.09%)
Others (4.78%)
Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and
most Hyderabadis are bilingual. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is
called Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani. 1869–70
English is a "Secondary official language" that is pervasive in business
and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education
and publications. A significant minority speak other languages, including
Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi and Tamil. failed
verification]
Slums
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the
population lives below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by
GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of
1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city
(the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the
remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling
households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the
20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10
years.: 55 Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is
52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder
depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405
government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528
community halls in the slum areas 70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre
for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear
families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹20,000 (US$240) per annum,
73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the
Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹24,000 (US$290) per annum), 27% of the chief wage
earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7%
of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child
labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child
labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35%
are engaged in hazardous jobs: 59
Cityscape
Gachibowli IT & Financial District skyline view
Neighbourhoods
See also: List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad
People sailing in the Lake Regatta
Optimist and Laser dinghies during the Hyderabad Sailing
Week regatta at Hussain Sagar
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on
the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad
called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses
the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges
across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge")
built in 1578 AD. Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which
it is connected by Hussain Sagar
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central
Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum, Nizam
Museum, Telangana High Court, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla Palace and the
traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina
Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and
business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi
Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the
Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the India Government Mint,
the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, Shahi Masjid, the Nizam Club,
The Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla
Planetarium
North of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund
Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station Most of the city's parks and recreational
centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the
Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here.[156] In the northwest part of
the city, there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara
Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairtabad, Tolichowki, Jagannath Temple and
Miyapur The northern end contains
industrial areas such as Kukatpally, Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar,
Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas
such as Malkajgiri, Neredmet, A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal In the eastern part of the city lie many
defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The "Cyberabad" area
in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli
has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and
bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman
Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park
Landmarks
Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and
Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal
and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was
expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir
Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him
being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad In 2012, the government of India declared
Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries
followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.
The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the
Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that
still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort.
The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old
Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand
arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret.
The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be
monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government
proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in
Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It
showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to
its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace
(inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi Palace
and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the
19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with
Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the
Indo-Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the
Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, City College and the Kacheguda railway
station, all designed by Vincent Esch. Other landmark structures of the city
constructed during his reign are the State Central Library, the Telangana
Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad railway station xc Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace,
Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque,
all constructed by the Paigah family.
Single-story colonnaded façade with grass and trees in front
The Chowmahalla Palace—a principal palace of the Nizam's,
constructed by Salabat Jung in 1750
Economy
Main article: Economy of Hyderabad
City panorama showing gardens, clean roads and modern office
buildings
HITEC City, the hub of information technology companies
Middle-class apartments in Uppal Kalan—a rural-urban fringe
of Hyderabad city
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan
area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it either the fifth- or sixth-most productive metro area of India Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the
gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the
sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as
ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.[174] Its per capita
annual income in 2011 was ₹44,300 (US$530 As of 2006, the largest employers in the city
were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).
According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were
employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the
employed workforce is engaged in this sector
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name
"City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only
global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda diamonds]
Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by
railway expansion that connected the city with major ports] From
the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals
Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development
Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India
Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB),
Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad
(SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB)[154] were established in the city. The city is home
to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and
houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI).In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was
forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the
end of 2014 The growth of the financial
services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing
city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre Since the 1990s, the growth of information
technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial
institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic
activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport,
storage, communication, real estate and retail As of 2021, the IT exports from Hyderabad were
₹ 1,45,522 crore (US$19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies
that provide 628,615 jobs
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four
sectors: central business districts,[188] sub-central business centres,
neighbourhood business centres and local business centres Many traditional and historic bazaars are
located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the most prominent among all is
popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along
with gems and pearls
four men in traditional bridalwear shops in the market
Bridalwear shops in Laad Bazaar, near the Charminar
The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the
decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and
research facilities in the city As of
2010, the city manufactured one-third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of
biotechnology products contributing to
its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the
"Genome Valley of India".[195] Hyderabad is a global centre of
information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and
98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from
the city The development of HITEC City,
a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational
companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES
firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates
include Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Oracle Corporation,
Dell, Facebook, CISCO 3 and major Indian
firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS),
Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.[91]: 3 In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city
as the second best Indian city for doing business The city and its suburbs contain the highest
number of special economic zones of any Indian city
The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and
making it an automobile hub.[199] Automobile companies including Hyundai,
Hyderabad Allwyn, Praga Tools, HMT Bearings, Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan
Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Maruti Suzuki and
Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad.
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal
economy that employs 30% of the labour force 71 According to a survey
published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were
increasing 9 Among the street vendors,
84% are male and 16% female 12 and four-fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often
with their own stall 15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8%
borrow from moneylenders 19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (60¢ US) to ₹800
(US$9.60) per day.[202]: 25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy,
poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those
involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor
In 2024, the World Economic Forum established a Centre for
Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub
to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health
sectors
Culture
Main article: Culture of Hyderabad
Stone mosque
Makkah Masjid constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Mughal
rule in Hyderabad
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India
with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the
migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and
west of the Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the
cultural milieu This migration resulted
in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions,
which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which
the city has become noted.[208][209]: viii A further consequence of this
north-south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of
Telangana The mixing of religions has
resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh
Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha
by Muslims
Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and
Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta–pyjama and women wearing
khara dupatta and salwar kameez Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors
In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure
to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing
among youths
Literature
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams
attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the
world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events
such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke
Geet (traditional folk songs The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the
growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and
Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.
Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts,
contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in
the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw
many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court,
administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry,
named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to
produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad Hyderabad has continued with these
traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010,
showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged
in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy,
the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the
Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad.
Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State
Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established
in 1891,[225] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya
Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.
Evening view of the Charminar along with other heritage
structures and bazaars
Music and films
A rectangular building
Ravindra Bharathi, an auditorium named after Rabindranath
Tagore
South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and
Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their
cultural policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the
rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it
became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif
(courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and
culture and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to
many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of court
music, dance and poetry. Besides Western and Indian popular music genres such
as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, Dholak
ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at
weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government organises
the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the
Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and
drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and
festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharathi, Shilpakala Vedika,
Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music-oriented event,
Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products,
does feature some musical performances.
The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly
known as Tollywood—as of 2021, it is the highest-grossing Indian film industry. In
the 1970s, Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed Shyam Benegal
started a movement of coming-of-age art films in India, which came to be known
as parallel cinema. The Deccani film industry ("Dollywood") produces
films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity
since 2005. The city has hosted international film festivals such as the
International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film
Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's
largest film studio.
Art and handicrafts
Decorated metal vase
An 18th-century Bidriware, water pipe base of Hookah,
displayed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad
painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting. Developed during the
16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques
and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore.
A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the
Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams.
Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours
and mostly depicts regional landscapes, culture, costumes, and jewellery.
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage
of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to
Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Wootz steel, Filigree work, Bidriware, a
metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during
the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag
under the auspices of the WTO act; and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on
textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other
metal threads. Chintz—a glazed calico textile originated in Golconda in the 16th century. another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is
Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from
cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu
style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style,
known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of
Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar
Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"),
the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and
the Birla Science Museum.
Hyderabadi food
Hyderabadi biryani along with other Hyderabadi cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice,
wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabad is
listed by UNESCO as a creative city of gastronomy. Hyderabadi biryani and
Hyderabadi haleem, with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, carry the
national Geographical Indications tag. Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some
extent by French, but more by Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and
Marathwada cuisines. Popular native dishes include nihari, chakra, baghara
baingan and the desserts bani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer
(a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).
Media
Main article: Media in Hyderabad
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times,
was established in the 1780s. Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are
Eenadu, Sakshi and Namasthe Telangana, while major English papers are The Times
of India, The Hindu and Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The
Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board
established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan
Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3
February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. The available channels
in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM, Big FM
and Fever FM.
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the
launch of Doordarshan, the government of India's public service broadcaster,
which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one
satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the
launch of Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription,
direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Hyderabad's
first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was
limited to software development companies. The first public internet access
service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider
(ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced
in parts of the city.
Education
Main article: Education in Hyderabad
Large pink granite building
Osmania University College of Arts
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the
Board of Secondary Education, Telangana or Central Board of Secondary
Education, depending on the affiliation and follow a "10+2+3" plan.
About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of
instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the
institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or
the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary
education, students enrol in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary
facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of
which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering
Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET.
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: six private
universities, two deemed universities, six state universities, and three
central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad
(Hyderabad Central University, HCU), Maulana Azad National Urdu University and
the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established
in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second
most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance-learning open
university in India.
Hyderabad is home to several centres specialising in
particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals
such as the National Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Centre for Cellular and
Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD)
and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical
schools—Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of
Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences Shadan Institute of
Medical Sciences and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An All India Institute
of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad. The
Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is
also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation
for cardiovascular education.
Notable central institutions in Hyderabad include the NALSAR
University of Law, Hyderabad (NLU), Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
(IICT), National Geophysical Research Institute, National Institute of Rural
Development, Indian Air Force Academy, National Industrial Security Academy,
Central Institute of Tool Design, Institute of Public Enterprise,
Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National
Police Academy. Technical and research institutions include the International Institute
of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and
Science, Pilani – Hyderabad (BITS Pilani), Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research Hyderabad (TIFR-H) and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad
(IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and
the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of
fashion design including NIFT Hyderabad, management schools including the
Indian School of Business, ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education, and the
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) offering
undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and
international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003
Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament,
the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the
2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts several venues suitable
for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for
field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and
football, and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi
International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket
Association. Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including
matches in the 1987 and 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket
team competes in the first-class cricket tournaments Ranji Trophy, List A Vijay
Hazare Trophy and Twenty20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. Hyderabad is home to the
Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad, champion of the 2016
Indian Premier League. Previous franchise Deccan Chargers was the champion of the 2009
Indian Premier League. The professional football club of the city Hyderabad FC
competes in the Indian Super League (ISL) and was the champion of the 2021–22 Indian
Super League During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting
centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.: 18
Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad
Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse
racing, especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times,
motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club
organising popular events such as the Deccan 1⁄4 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4
off-road rallying. The 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at the Hyderabad Street Circuit,
was the first FIA Formula E World Championship race in India
Transport
Main article: Transport in Hyderabad
Stadium metro station, Hyderabad Metro.
An early morning scene at Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station (MGBS).
As of 2018, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance
transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways
and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These
altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the
Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses
serving 3.3 million passengers
Hyderabad Metro, a light-rail rapid transit system, was
inaugurated in November 2017. As of 2020, it is a 3-track network spread over
69.2 km (43 mi) with 57 stations and is the third-largest metro rail network in
India after Delhi Metro and Namma Metro. Hyderabad's Multi-Modal Transport
System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying
180,000 passengers daily Complementing these government services are minibus
routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in
Twin Cities) Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and
largest, station is Secunderabad railway station, which serves as Indian
Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and
MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major
railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan, Kacheguda, Begumpet,
Malkajgiri and Lingampalli.
A scene from the street of Hyderabad shows—Public transport
buses operated by TSRTC, Auto rickshaws, private cars and bikes, on the
right—Traffic congestion over the Begumpet Flyover bridge.
As of 2018, over 5.3 million vehicles are operating in
the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.
The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads
occupy only 9.5% of the total city area: 79 —has led to widespread traffic
congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are
transported by road. : 3 The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the
Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges,
overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits
within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22
mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and
buses.
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways
linking it to six other states: NH-44 runs 3,963 km (2,462 mi) from Srinagar,
Jammu and Kashmir, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south;
NH-65, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh
connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune, Maharashtra; 334 km (208 mi) NH-163
links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh; 270 km (168 mi) NH-765 links
Hyderabad to Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, 225 km (140 mi)
SH-1 links Hyderabad, to Ramagundam, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from or pass through Hyderabad.[304]: 58
Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport
established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International
Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008, capable of handling 25 million
passengers and 150,000 metric tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council
International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged
RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size
and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category